Bay of Plenty kiwifruit growers are staring down the barrel of another difficult growing season.丰盛湾猕猴桃种植者正面临另一个艰难的生长季节。
▲Red heart kiwifruit orchard in Sichuan Province, China
The recurrence of a warm winter poses yet another obstacle for growers whose fruit contributes to New Zealand's largest horticultural export crop.
NIWA records showed June temperatures were on average 1.4 degrees higher than normal, which so far made it one of the warmest winters in 110 years.
温暖冬季的再次出现给种植者带来了另一个障碍，他们的水果为新西兰最大的园艺出口作物做出了贡献。
NIWA的记录显示，6月份的平均气温比正常气温高出1.4度，这使其成为110年来最温暖的冬天之一。
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
Bay of Plenty-based Fruition Horticulture consultant Sandy Scarrow said the winter was one of the warmest she could remember, which meant the vines were not getting the required winter chilling.
总部位于丰盛湾的Fruition园艺顾问Sandy Scarrow表示，这个冬天是她记忆中最温暖的冬天之一，这意味着葡萄藤没有得到所需的冬季冷却。
▲红心猕猴桃种植
She said last year the region's kiwifruit had a poor flowering because of the warm temperatures, and this year the lack of chilling had been even worse.
她说，去年该地区的猕猴桃因气温升高而开花不良，今年缺乏低温的情况更为严重。斯卡罗说，这可能意味着果园会再次发现藤条上的花朵更少，这在整个季节都会产生连锁反应。
▲ Kiwi Fruit Male
Scarrow said that potentially meant orchards would once again find fewer flowers were set on the canes and it had a flow-on effect throughout the season.
斯卡罗说，这可能意味着果园会再次发现藤条上的花朵更少，这在整个季节都会产生连锁反应。
▲新西兰高枝牵引猕猴桃果园照片
"We'll just have fewer flowers. If I give you an example from our orchard, typically we get 1.6 flowers per winter bud which is the key indicator of how effective the winter chill and other things you've done over winter, have been. And last year we got 1.2 flowers per winter bud, so that was a 25 percent decrease in your yield right from the start.
“我们只会有更少的花。如果我举一个果园的例子，通常我们每个冬芽有1.6朵花，这是衡量冬季寒冷和你在冬季所做的其他事情有多有效的关键指标。去年我们每个冬蕾有1.2朵花，所以从一开始你的产量就下降了25%。
▲Pollen Collection猕猴桃花采集
"It also impacts on the date of bud burst. Bud burst is likely to be later, so that condenses the whole season. I've been lying awake worrying about it. We saw the impact of what happened last year, and this year growers are tying in much more winter wood so there are much more winter buds to produce those flowers, but again, that has an impact."
Scarrow said it meant the canopy would be denser and could impact on fruit quality.
“这也会影响芽爆裂的日期。芽爆裂可能会晚些时候，所以整个季节都会凝结。我一直在担心它。我们看到了去年发生的事情的影响，今年种植者正在捆绑更多的冬季木材，所以有更多的冬芽来生产这些花，但这再次产生了影响。”
斯卡罗说，这意味着树冠会更密，可能会影响果实质量。
▲Pollen Collection猕猴桃花采集
She said western Bay of Plenty around the Katikati area had been particularly warm, with more eastern parts around Te Puke and Paengaroa getting some lower temperatures, but the lack of winter chill was felt region wide.
Figures from kiwifruit marketer Zespri showed the 2023 crop harvested in Autumn was well down on past seasons because of a range of extreme weather events, including the warm winter, last frost, hail and Cyclone Gabrielle.
她说，Katikati地区周围的丰盛湾西部特别温暖，Te Puke和Paengaroa周围的东部地区气温较低，但整个地区都感觉到冬季寒冷的缺乏。
来自猕猴桃营销商Zespri的数据显示，由于一系列极端天气事件，包括暖冬、最后一场霜冻、冰雹和飓风加布里埃尔，2023年秋季收获的猕猴桃产量远低于往年。
▲Making pollen from kiwifruit flowers
It expected to export about 136 million trays, a 20 percent drop on number of trays in 2022.
New Zealand Kiwifruit Growers Incorporated chief executive Colin Bond said he was deeply concerned about the insufficient winter chilling, echoing the anxieties shared by fellow growers he had communicated with.
预计将出口约1.36亿个托盘，比2022年的托盘数量下降20%。
新西兰Kiwifruit Growers Incorporated首席执行官科林·邦德（Colin Bond）表示，他对冬季冷藏不足深感担忧，这与他与其他种植者交流过的担忧相呼应。
▲testing pollen
But he said if there was a cold snap in the next two weeks it should provide the winter-chill hours in time to improve flower set.
Further south in rain sodden and cloud covered Hawke's Bay there was a silver lining to the conditions.
但他说，如果未来两周出现寒流，它应该能及时提供冬季的寒冷时间，以改善花朵的生长。
再往南，在被雨水淋湿、云层覆盖的霍克湾，情况还有一线希望。
▲Winter pruning of kiwifruit orchard
AgFirst Horticulture consultant Jonathan Brookes said such days were more preferred than cracking frosts.
"It's interesting that a lot of people think about winter chilling and think about the fantastic winter days where there's a big frost and a beautiful sunny day afterwards, but what actually ends up working best for winter chilling is low temperatures below 10 degrees, but above zero," Brookes said.
AgFirst园艺顾问乔纳森·布鲁克斯表示，这样的日子比霜冻更受欢迎。
布鲁克斯说：“有趣的是，很多人想到了冬天的寒冷，想到了美妙的冬天，那里有一场大霜冻，之后有一个美丽的晴天，但实际上最适合冬天寒冷的是低于10度但高于零度的低温。”。
▲A kiwi orchard with abundant fruits
"So from a winter chill point of view, these horrible claggy wet days and nights that we've been having are actually adding to the winter chill".
Pip and stone fruit growers in the South Island said their winter had provided enough winter-chill hours for their crops and there should be good flower numbers in spring.
“因此，从冬季寒冷的角度来看，我们一直在经历的这些可怕的湿漉漉的日日夜夜实际上加剧了冬季的寒冷。”。
南岛的皮普和核果种植者表示，他们的冬天为他们的作物提供了足够的冬季寒冷时间，春天应该会有很多花。
▲helping growers achieve their ultimate pollination
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