Claims by New Zealand First that Otago University research shows the bacterial disease Psa-V entered New Zealand on imported pollen from China are being challenged.
新西兰第一航空公司声称，奥塔哥大学的研究表明，细菌性疾病Psa-V通过从中国进口的花粉进入新西兰，这一说法正受到挑战。
▲picking kiwi flowers
Otago University associate professor Russell Poulter told SunLive today the research paper just released makes no definite claim as to how Psa likely entered New Zealand.
奥塔哥大学副教授Russell Poulter今天告诉SunLive，刚刚发布的研究论文没有明确说明Psa可能是如何进入新西兰的。
PSA has infected kiwifruit vines and devastated the industry.
PSA感染了猕猴桃藤，摧毁了整个行业。
▲刚完成授粉的红心猕猴桃幼果
Russell was responding to a statement made by the political party yesterday that stated:
'It is understood that Otago University associate professor Russell Poulter undertook genetic analysis to trace the Psa bacteria which he found had entered New Zealand from China through Kiwi Pollen Ltd.”
拉塞尔是对该党昨天发表的一份声明的回应，该声明称：“据了解，奥塔哥大学副教授Russell Poulter进行了基因分析，以追踪他发现的通过新西兰花粉有限公司从中国进入新西兰的Psa细菌。”
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
While Russell's work did indicate a Chinese origin for the strain of bacteria that has devastated New Zealand kiwifruit, it did not determine how it got to this country.
虽然Russell的工作确实表明了破坏新西兰猕猴桃的细菌菌株的中国起源，但它并没有确定它是如何到达这个国家的。
▲picking kiwi flowers
'The Sapere Report does suggest the KiwiPollen anther import is a plausible route of entry. However, this is their suggestion based on their analysis. The data that indicates a Chinese origin strengthens the Sapere opinion,” he said.
“Sapere报告确实表明KiwiPollen花药进口是一种可行的进入途径。然而，这是他们根据分析提出的建议。显示中国血统的数据加强了Sapere的观点，”他说。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
The Sapere Report was commissioned by the Ministry for Primary Industries to review import requirements and boarder processes following the arrival of Psa-V.
Kiwifruit Vine Health CEO Barry O'Neil says it is his understanding that it is not possible to tell from the studies when Psa-V arrived in New Zealand, or how.
初级产业部委托Sapere报告审查Psa-V抵达后的进口要求和边境流程。
Kiwifruit Vine Health首席执行官Barry O'Neil表示，据他了解，从研究中无法判断Psa-V何时抵达新西兰，以及如何抵达。
▲红心猕猴桃▲
'We understand three groups of researchers, including Professor Poulter, have all concluded that the New Zealand strain of Psa-V originated from China. The studies were reported at the recent Psa-V symposium in Tauranga,” he says.
“我们了解到，包括Poulter教授在内的三组研究人员都得出结论，新西兰的Psa-V毒株起源于中国。最近在陶朗加举行的Psa-V研讨会上报告了这些研究，”他说。
Seeka Kiwifruit Industries CEO Michael Franks also questions the New Zealand First statement.
Seeka Kiwifruit Industries首席执行官Michael Franks也对新西兰优先的声明表示质疑。
▲Extraction of pollen grain from anther
'I am not sure that the press release from NZ First is entirely accurate and would prefer to see the published output from Russell Poulter before commenting.
'I understand that there is no publication yet.”
“我不确定NZ First的新闻稿是否完全准确，在发表评论之前，我更希望看到Russell Poulter公布的结果。
“我知道还没有出版。”
▲Bee pollination
Michael says a number of post-harvest companies including Seeka are talking with their growers about the potential for redress when and if such a report on the source of Psa was published.
Michael说，包括Seeka在内的一些收获后公司正在与他们的种植者讨论，如果发布了关于Psa来源的报告，何时以及是否有可能进行补救。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
In its statement yesterday New Zealand First warned Government cuts to biosecurity would lead to another disaster 'to match the Psa kiwifruit bacteria outbreak which has been identified as reaching the country in a consignment of anthers from Shaanxi Province in China to Kiwi Pollen Ltd in June 2009”.
新西兰第一公司在昨天的声明中警告说，政府削减生物安全措施将导致另一场灾难，“与2009年6月从中国陕西省向奇异花粉有限公司运送的一批花药中发现的Psa猕猴桃细菌爆发相匹配”。
Winston Peters says Government assurances that it has been objective and rigorous in investigating the biosecurity breach are hollow.
▲Male Kiwi fruit flower
'The Government is going about an inquiry seeking to avoid the truth because that means countless expensive court cases for failing to exercise a duty of care.
'There is no doubt that the Government's lax biosecurity allowed the Psa virus to enter New Zealand undetected from China.
Winston Peters说，政府保证在调查生物安全漏洞方面是客观和严格的，这是空洞的。
“政府正在进行一项调查，试图回避真相，因为这意味着无数昂贵的法庭案件未能履行谨慎义务。
“毫无疑问，政府松懈的生物安全措施使Psa病毒能够从中国不被发现地进入新西兰。
▲zespri redkiwi
'Psa continues to cause havoc in the kiwifruit industry. Jobs have been lost and massive financial and mental pain inflicted on innocent fruit growers.
'Of real concern are Government cuts to biosecurity which have significantly weakened our border controls. They include the loss of 25 frontline staff since 2008, and $2 million of cuts to biosecurity budgets since 2009.
Psa继续对猕猴桃产业造成严重破坏。失去了工作，无辜的水果种植者遭受了巨大的经济和精神痛苦。
“真正令人担忧的是政府对生物安全的削减，这大大削弱了我们的边境管制。其中包括自2008年以来失去了25名一线工作人员，以及自2009年以来削减了200万美元的生物安全预算。
▲Kiwi male and female flowers
'It's obvious that the Government hasn't learned anything from the Psa outbreak but New Zealand First is willing to give it a short, sharp lesson.
'Biosecurity needs to be beefed up to prevent the devastation of other important primary industries, not cut back to save a few dollars,” says Winston.
“很明显，政府没有从Psa疫情中吸取任何教训，但新西兰第一愿意给它一个简短而尖锐的教训。
温斯顿说：“生物安全需要加强，以防止其他重要的初级产业遭受破坏，而不是为了节省几美元而削减。”。
▲Female Kiwi fruit flower
Associate Professor Russell Poulter, Professor Iain Lamont and Dr Margi Butler, all from the University of Otago's Department of Biochemistry, have been working with the kiwifruit industry since the Psa (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae) bacterium was first detected in a Te Puke orchard in November 2010.
奥塔哥大学生物化学系的Russell Poulter副教授、Iain Lamont教授和Margi Butler博士自2010年11月在Te Puke果园首次检测到Psa（Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidae）细菌以来，一直与猕猴桃产业合作。
▲Kiwi pollination▲
Initially, the technology was not available within New Zealand to carry out sequencing the whole genetic code of the New Zealand Psa strain.
The arrival of new advanced genomics technology – through the government funded initiative, New Zealand Genomics Limited – allowed the Otago biochemists to show the New Zealand strain was significantly different from the Italian strain and, therefore, Italy could not have been the source. Critically, it also put to bed any rumours that New Zealand may have been the source of historical Italian outbreaks.
An article on the university's website says that through a process of elimination, Chinese pollen appears to be the likely source of New Zealand's outbreak.
▲sungold g3 kiwi orchard
最初，新西兰国内没有这项技术来对新西兰Psa毒株的整个遗传密码进行测序。
通过政府资助的新西兰基因组有限公司，新的先进基因组学技术的到来使奥塔哥生物化学家能够证明新西兰菌株与意大利菌株有显著不同，因此意大利不可能是来源。至关重要的是，它还平息了任何关于新西兰可能是意大利历史疫情爆发源的谣言。
该大学网站上的一篇文章称，通过消除过程，中国花粉似乎是新西兰疫情爆发的可能来源。
▲Kiwi pollination▲
The Otago biochemists have been able to source some Chinese Psa samples for sequencing and the results indicate that China is the original source of both the Italian and New Zealand outbreaks. More recently, Psa has been confirmed in Chile and work has begun on sequencing these strains. Preliminary data suggests that the Chilean strain also originates from China.
Russell Poulter says the question of whether the New Zealand outbreak may have come via Chile may soon be answered, by using the NZGL sequencing process and comparing the results with the information they have gathered to date.
▲packaging kiwipollen
奥塔哥生物化学家已经能够获得一些中国Psa样本进行测序，结果表明中国是意大利和新西兰疫情的原始来源。最近，Psa在智利得到证实，并开始对这些菌株进行测序。初步数据表明，智利毒株也源自中国。
Russell Poulter表示，通过使用NZGL测序过程并将结果与迄今为止收集的信息进行比较，新西兰疫情是否可能通过智利爆发的问题可能很快就会得到回答。
▲picking kiwi flowers
▲Pollen Collection猕猴桃花采集
▲贵州高山猕猴桃种植喜获丰收
▲Golden kiwifruit grown in China
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